A Study of C-E Translation of Diplomatic Neologism Based on the Principle of Political Equivalence: A Case Study of Keywords to Under

Abstract:As China's voice in international events becomes increasingly important and its diplomatic activities become more and more frequent, the English translation of diplomatic neologisms has become more and more prominent. However, because of diplomatic neologisms' political and contemporary nature, the translation of diplomatic neologisms places stringent demands on the translators' work. This article will take the "political equivalence" translation principle as a guide, combine the political, dynamic, and balanced characteristics of this translation principle, and use Keywords to Understand China: Foreign Affairs in the New Eraas a research text to analyze the English translations of diplomatic neologisms in terms of the literal meaning of the text, the background of the times, the policy connotation and the political position, and explore the reasons for the selection and use of words in English translations, the rules and the inspiration for translators. The study also examines the reasons for the selection and use of words in English translations, the rules, and the implications for translators.

keywords:Chinese-English translation, diplomatic neologisms, translation principles

1.Introduction

As China continues to develop and advance on the road to the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, China's international influence has increased. As China moves closer to the center of the world stage, "My country's international discourse power and influence have increased significantly, and at the same time, it is also facing new situations and tasks." In the words of Western countries' absolute right to speak, China is eager to establish its system of discourse. Diplomatic translation has always played an important role in international relations, and it reflects the power discourse between countries. It also displays how the relationship among discourses develops. As a result, the diplomatic translation between Chinese and English has aroused extensive attention and in-depth research by scholars.

1.1Background of the study

Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, with Comrade Xi Jinping as the core, has attached great importance to foreign exchanges, comprehensively promoted major-country diplomacy with Chinese characteristics, and promoted the

formation of an all-round, multi-level, and three-dimensional diplomatic pattern, which not only created a favorable environment for China's development. External conditions have also made new and significant contributions to world peace and development. In terms of international status, the concept and practice of major-country diplomacy with Chinese characteristics have been widely endorsed. China's international influence, charisma, and shaping power have been further enhanced. More and more people are eager to know about China's experience and practices, and Chinese wisdom and solutions provided by China for unsolved human problems. The bookKeywords to Understand China: Foreign Affairs in the New Era is jointly organized and planned by the Publishing Bureau of China Foreign Languages Publishing House, the Institute of Contemporary China and the World, and the China Translators Association. The purpose is to enhance domestic and foreign readers' understanding and cognition of major-country diplomacy with Chinese characteristics, to facilitate the reading and understanding of foreign audiences, to explain Chinese concepts and ideas, and to interpret Chinese policies and China's development path.

1.2Purpose of the study

As China's international status is becoming more and more important and it has made a lot of contributions to human development, people from all over the world are eager to understand Chinese culture, concepts, and ideas. Therefore, it has become very important to improve China's "soft power" and tell China's story well. Compared with the large number of English works imported by China before, China now needs to do a lot of foreign-oriented publicityand translation work. The importance and new characteristics of translation work have appeared with the change in China's international status, and foreign-oriented publicity translation is to serve the overall situation of the party and the country. The mission of external publicity is to express the core concepts of the Chinese leader's speech, Chinese ideas, Chinese plans, etc., in words that foreigners can understand, listen to, and fully understand.

One of the important reasons for the "China threat theory" concocted by some countries in recent years is that they do not know much about my country's specific culture, language, and historical status. Diplomatic translation can be a communicator of different countries, and it also facilitates people’s mutual understanding of political activities and motives.The important role of diplomatic translation is to resolve this confusion and show the true national image of our country. This essay seeks to enrich the current research on the official English translation system of Xi Jinping's new era and provide reference and references for political and foreign propaganda translation.

1.3Significance of the Study

Western countries are accustomed to analyzing the political information and development trends of each country from propaganda documents. However, foreign media mostly report one-sidedly on our country, which often lacks objectivity and authenticity. On the international stage, although the influence of Chinese overseas media has increased dramatically, they are still influenced by the Associated Press, Reuters, and other media. These media have long guided the direction of world public opinion. China's voice is relatively weak, coupled with ideological differences, Due to different cultural and historical backgrounds, the national image is often influenced by third parties in the media flow, which will lead to certain distortions, resulting in a one-sided or even completely inconsistent image when the "image" reaches the audience. Therefore, to enhance the influence of foreign communication media in the construction of our national image, we must proceed from the most essential carrier translation, fully consider the economic, cultural, and historical background of the audience, and skillfully use translation methods to improve the quality of translations, thereby improving the quality of translation. The influence and credibility of the media, get rid of the predicament of "being positioned", and ultimately reduce the prejudice against my country's image caused by translation problems in countries around the world.

2.Literature Review

2.1 Features of Diplomatic Word Translation

As the politics of reform and opening-up intensify and the world becomes more globalized, China has become ever more connected with the world in terms of politics, economics, and cultural communication. And diplomatic activities are becoming more frequent. As an important tool for diplomatic activities, language plays a very important role in diplomatic activities, and learning diplomatic language is an integral part of diplomacy. Over the past decade, though there are many essays about foreign language studies, there was a lack of studies on diplomatic language before the year 2000; After the year 2000, China has promoted its diplomatic relations with other countries proactively. Therefore, studies on diplomatic language have sprouted. Domestic academic circles have mainly conducted research on diplomatic language in recent decades, and have made great achievements, and there is a trend of increasing. In addition, these papers mainly focus on three types of topics, namely "pragmatic phenomenon research", "diplomatic translation strategy research" and "diplomatic interpretation research". General Studies (Concepts, Characteristics, Overview, etc. of Diplomatic Language)” and “Comparative Studies”. Then there are the topics of "diplomatic translation teaching", "diplomatic translation management" and "diplomatic translation technology".

Based on Jacobson’s studies, Guo Hong (1990, 1992, 1993) divided diplomatic languages into eight categories. According to Guo, the features of diplomatic languages include discreet, accurate, formal, conservative, formal, polite, polite, more impersonal, and more understandable. Guo Liqiu and Wang Hongli (2002) analyzed the concept, meaning, and characteristics of diplomatic language, and based on a thorough analysis and discussion of several examples, they concluded the dialectical unity of precision and ambiguity in diplomatic language. Later, Li Zhanzi and Hu Shengwei (2009) analyzed the linguistic characteristics of nominalization, evaluation types, and the choices of words and expressions in Chinese-English diplomatic documents from the perspective of functional linguistics, and stressed that the form of diplomatic language and the social function it performs are closely linked. This was followed by the theory of political equivalence, proposed by the Chinese scholar Professor Yang Mingxing, based on the theory of functional equivalence of translation proposed by the renowned linguist and translation theorist Eugene Nida, taking into account the specificity of diplomatic language. The principles of linguistic translation. First of all, before we talk about the theory of political equivalence, let's do some research on the characteristics of our diplomatic language translation.

According to the direction of translation, my country's diplomatic text translation can be divided into two types, one is Chinese-to-foreign translation, and the other is foreign-to-Chinese translation. Among them, English-to-Chinese and Chinese-to-English account for the largest proportion and the widest audience at the same time. The translation of diplomatic texts is very important because of its strong political character, authoritativeness, rigorous wording, and strong political sensitivity. Other countries in the world understand China's diplomatic thoughts, major policies, policies, and regulations through China’s diplomatic texts. China spreads its voice through its diplomatic texts and establishes its image as a great power. Therefore, diplomatic languages have their unique characteristics.

(1) Accuracy and Modeling

Diplomatic language is the language used in consular custom. The importance of the accuracy of diplomatic language has always been self-evident. Diplomatic language expresses my country's foreign policy, principles, positions, etc., and plays an invaluable role in resolving diplomatic issues and conflicts between countries.

Therefore, for the translation of diplomatic texts, we must abide by the principles of rigor and accuracy, and think over and over again, to accurately express my country's diplomatic thinking and establish my country's diplomatic image. My country's diplomatic language often uses some highly generalized expressions to express my country's program and policies. People call such language characteristics patterning. For example, "中国梦", "一国两制", "俩个一百年", "五位一体", "四个自信"and so on. The translation of these words is often concise and concise, vivid, catchy, and easy to spread and remember. Gradually, these standardized translation expressions were accepted and quoted by foreign media, which promoted the propaganda of my country's major policies.

Analyses are as follows.

Example 1：

Source Text: 堅持合作、不搞對抗，堅持開放、不搞封閉，堅持互利共贏、反對零和博弈，堅持平

等相待、反對强權霸淩，同所有愛好和平的國家和人民一道，推動人類發展的車輪向著光明的前途邁進。

Target Text: We have chosen cooperation over confrontation, openness over isolation, mutual benefit over zero-sum game, and equality over power politics and bullying. Together with all peace-loving countries and peoples in the world, we have endeavored to keep the wheels of human development rolling toward a brighter future.

First, in the procedure of interpretation from Chinese to English. The sentences are logically divided and in the English version, the original sentence is divided into two sentences. This makes the science of reasoning of the sentence clearer and more understandable to people from other nations. Secondly, the English version has carried out a pairing combination of "堅持合作、不搞對抗，堅持開放、不搞封閉，堅持互利共贏、反對零和博弈，堅持平等相待、反對强權霸淩". The two groups of expressions are combined into the form of "word 1 + over + word 2". This form of translation not only maintains the neat features of the original Chinese sentences but also makes it easier for foreigners to understand by the contrastive combination. At the same time, the translator has added the subject "we" to this sentence, because Chinese is generally a language that pays attention to significance, and in Chinese chapters, the subjects of some sentences can often be left out; however, English is just different, and the subject of English is indispensable. Therefore, the translator adds a subject during translation to respect the rules of the English language.

Example 2 :

Source Text：風雲變幻，不改人間正道；滄海橫流，更當破浪前行。

Target Text： Despite dramatic changes in the world, justice will always prevail. The more challenges we face, the more imperative it is for us to break waves and forge ahead.

風雲變幻：像風雲那 樣變化不定。比喻變幻動蕩的局勢，也比喻事物複雜、變化迅速。The English version translates it into dramatic changes. The Oxford Dictionary for thedramatic expression ： (of a change, an event, etc.) sudden, very great, and often surprising. Dramaticvividly expresses how fast things change. The English version of the righteous way of the human world uses a free translation, which accurately states that impartiality and justice are in line with the conventional of the world and are welcomed by persons.滄海橫流：大海裏的水四處奔流。比喻社會動蕩不安。"破浪前行"refers to the attitude we should have in the face of existing social problems. . The Oxford dictionary for thechallenge expression ：a new or difficult task that test sb’s ability and skill. The English version useschallengesto express the word "滄海橫流"accurately and succinctly. “破浪前行”takes on the literal translation method, and the pictures are vivid and vivid. When foreigners read it, they can directly understand the meaning expressed in Chinese.

(2) Literacy and personalization

China is a country with a culture of more than 5,000 years. After thousands of years of development, the Chinese language has formed its unique language characteristics, such as: common sayings, idioms, ancient poems and so on. The literariness of speech is also very important for diplomatic texts. In our country's diplomatic speeches, the spokesperson will often quote some idioms, common sayings or ancient poems to express. However, these unique Chinese language expressions are difficult for foreigners to understand. The translator must therefore not only accurately reflect the meaning of the original text, but also preserve the literary style of the original. Personalized expressions are also an important part of my country's diplomatic discourse. These personalized expressions not only show the physical and mental cultivation and personal charm of national leaders, but also these personalized expressions are down-to-earth, close to life, easy to understand, and popular with the people. favorite. For example: President Xi Jinping once used "打老虎，拍蒼蠅"as a metaphor to resolutely investigate and deal with unhealthy practices and corruption, and Xi Jinping's speech at the awarding ceremony of the "July 1st Medal" celebrating the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China: 保持“敢叫日月換新天”的鬥志昂揚。The following will give some specific examples for analysis.

Example 1:

Source Text:責任重于泰山，事業任重道遠。

Target Text: Our responsibility is weightier than mountains，our task arduous，and the road ahead long．

The idiom "重于泰山"comes from the poem《報任少卿書》written by Sima Qian in the Han Dynasty: "人固有一死，或重于泰山，或輕于鴻毛。"This idiom mainly highlights"意義重大".In Chinese traditional culture, Mount Tai is the head of the Five Sacred Mountains and has a strong cultural heritage. The original text uses the weight of Mount Tai as a metaphor for heavy responsibility. On the one hand, the famous Chinese mountains can be used to attract foreign readers' interest in reading, which can spread Chinese culture and enhance the readability of the translation.

2.2 Translation of new words with Chinese characteristics

Diplomatic neologisms contain new terms, foreign words and old words with new meanings. New words are new words derived from specific diplomatic work, used to express new concepts and new policies, etc.; loan words are words introduced from foreign languages; old words with new meanings refer to old words based on diplomatic work. A new meaning needs to be given.

In recent years, different scholars have made in-depth discussions on the translation of political neologisms and neologisms from different angles. For example, two scholars, Liao Zhiqin and Wen Jun, proposed the translation principles of neologisms from a cross-cultural perspective; Yang Mingxing proposed translation strategies of diplomatic neologisms which is based on the characteristics of diplomatic neologisms; Zhang Jian centered on the characteristics of foreign information translation talking about the "變通策略"of foreign publicity translation; scholars such as the translation methods of specific new words was explored by Shi Yanhua and Ye Xiaobao (such as "不折騰", "任性", etc.)through interpreting the meaning of the ontology. Two scholars, Yang Hongyan and Yao Keqin, have reviewed the research in this field in the past 20 years from the perspectives of directionality, purpose, and strategy, which can provide reference for the translation research of political neologisms and neologisms. Over the last twenty years, especially since the beginning of the new century, with our country's growing influence on the world stage and its increasing discursive power in politics, economics, diplomacy, etc, the translation of new words and new languages has become an important part of translation research in our country. An important issue of concern. However, in general, in the existing related political neologisms (new words) research, most of the discussions are specific words or terms, that is, from a vertical perspective, and rarely do systematic and systematic research on Chinese neologisms and neologisms. Ontological discussion. Judging from the current research literature, the themes related to the translation study of "政治新詞新語"mainly include"新詞新語","外交新詞", "政治概念", "政治新詞" and "政治術語". Other scholars consider "政治新詞新語" as an integral part of "中國特色詞匯"from a broader perspective, but still are unsuccessful to put forward that neologisms and neologisms in the fields of political neologisms and discipline and technology are in use. Principled differences in translation strategies and translation methods.

1.Strong political sensitivity and accurate translation

The translation of some diplomatic neologisms has precise political connotations and a strong political nature. The expressions in the translation accurately and precisely reflect the political context and principles of the source language. Accurate political information allows the translation to fulfil the same communicative role as the original. Chinese diplomatic neologisms not only reflect the changes in the Chinese language, but also reflect China's national interests and foreign relations. Therefore, China adopts a variety of translation methods for the translation of diplomatic neologisms to express the national color and politics in the language as accurately as possible. Orientation is easier to understand with other countries. For example, the new term "長臂管轄權"used by the spokesperson of the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the so-called "long-arm jurisdiction" is actually a legal term derived from the United States. The "Long Arm Jurisdiction" that the American judiciary has long pursued refers to "when the defendant's domicile is not in the state of the court, but there is some minimum connection with that state, and the claim has been created in accordance with this state. For the purposes of this action, the State has personal jurisdiction over the defendant and can issue a summons against the defendant outside the State. The use of the term "long-arm jurisdiction" is actually a factual deion, expressing that the United States uses domestic law to manage China's "family affairs", which goes beyond the norms of international law. China's use of such diplomatic neologisms can directly allow the US side to understand China's meaning more directly.

2.Strong sense of standardization and unified translation

Some important diplomatic neologisms have unified translation names, and the versions are gradually shortened and finally unified. Avoid multiple translations of the same term in the same article or website. Because this phenomenon of multiple translations of words will lead to confusion and suspicion in foreign media, and the most serious consequence is that foreign media will hype it as the "China Threat Theory". For example, there are many versions of the word "Chinese Dream" at the beginning: the Chinese dream; the dream of China, the Chinese people's dream; the Chinese nation's dream... These translations have a single subject and the language is not concise. In the end, the official translation of "Chinese Dream" was determined as the Chinese Dream," because the word "Chinese" is a polysemous word, which means "中國的, 中國人的, 中華的, 中華人的", this word can be better It is highly compatible with President Xi Jinping's ideology that "the Chinese dream is a national dream, and the national dream and individual dream are harmoniously unified", showing the special meaning and universal value of the "Chinese dream".

3.Strong awareness of international standardization of terminology, and professional translation.

The department has a strong stylistic concept and professional awareness when translating new Chinese diplomatic words, and adopts different translation methods. The translation expresses professional, economical, and concise expressions, and conforms to diplomatic language habits. The translated name is not too long, not too tacky, or too straightforward White and vulgar, avoiding "translation in colloquialism"

The mistake of "translating concepts" follows the principles of "用術語翻譯術語" and "用概念翻譯概念".The translation of new diplomatic words should be as close as possible to the stylistic characteristics of diplomatic terms and international conventions. For example, in expressing Sino-US relations At the same time, "利益攸關者"cannot simply be expressed as "participants with related interests" according to the Chinese meaning, but should be translated into "stakeholders" using the principle of "term translation terms".

2.3 Introduction to the Translation Principle of "Political Equivalence"

The theoretical framework of "political equivalence" was originally developed by Yang Mingxing, Director of the China Diplomatic Discourse Research Centre and Professor at the Faculty of Foreign Languages, Zhengzhou University. In the practice of diplomatic translation today, the translation of foreign publicity specifically for my nation plays an important principle role, and the theory of "political equivalence" is well established. This theory emphasises that diplomatic translation should not only accurately reflect the political context and political thinking of the source language, so that readers in the source and target languages receive equivalent political information, but also be attentive to the dynamic nature of equivalence and keep pace with the times. It closely follows the connotation of time in the source language and the context of the corresponding target language.

Since the "political equivalence" theory was put forward, many scholars represented by Yang Mingxing have published many articles expounding the "political equivalence" theory, analyzing the meaning of the theory of "political equivalence" and linking this theory to practice. The linkage, which will support the development of the theory, will have a comparative value for the translation of articles by foreign journalists in our country. Yang Xingxing believes: "To achieve the political equivalence' of diplomatic language translation, we must adhere to the following two principles: First, people should understand the speaker's political context totally and have an accurate conveyance of what’s the meaning of the language about the diplomatic source. Second, use acceptance. The language Fang wants to hear expresses the speaker's political position, so the information in the translation is the same as in the original." This means that the diplomatic translator must have an accurate and truthful expression of the political connotation of the speaker while allowing the receiver to understand equivalent political information, in order to achieve the communicative goal of "political equivalence".

3.Theoretical Frameworks

The connotation of "political equivalence" means that, on the one hand, the source language must reflect the speaker's political ideology and context and the diplomatic translation must be accurate and faithful; if both sides of the political meaning information are equivalent, the translation’s expression can have communicative function and play the same role as the original text. "Political equivalence" is actually the inheritance and development of Nida's "equivalence" theory. Equivalence is used everywhere in the field of translation and is the golden rule that translators abide by. On this basis, "political equivalence" refers primarily to the characteristics and style of translation of foreign texts and to the equivalence of political meaning and intent.

3.1 Characteristics of the principle of political equivalence

The theory of "political equivalence" expounds on the three characteristics of translation, which are political, dynamic, and balanced. Among them, the political nature is mainly proposed for the translation characteristics of foreign propaganda texts. According to "Same Reader's reflection", Eugene Nida proposed dynamicity which is called dynamic equivalence theory, and it is also suggested that during people begin to transform the speaker's era background, political background, and national relationship should be considered. The purpose of balance is mainly to reflect the moderation and harmony of the Chinese language, and aim to achieve an equal and balanced effect in the translation process.

3.1.1 Political

Although the theory of "political equivalence" proposed by the scholar Yang Mingxing is based on Nida's theory of "equivalence", the difference is that the principle of "political equivalence" gives priority to the "political orientation" of the text. Among them, the political nature refers to the grasp of the political connotation of the source language. The political nature refers to the translator's full consideration of the source and target language, and can also be expressed as cultural thinking and ideological differences between the speaker and the object of communication. Provided that the translator accurately understands the political connotations of the source discourse; scholar Yang Mingxing said that "to achieve 'political equivalence', first of all, we must hold the political nature of translation. The soul of discourse translation. Diplomatic words have strong political and official colors, and foreign publicity translation pays special attention to politics, and the words used are often characterized by seriousness and accuracy. Because the political nature is mainly aimed at the political sensitivity of new diplomatic words It is proposed because of the characteristics of gender and accuracy, and diplomatic neologisms are closely associated with national interests, national positions, and foreign relations, so translators must take political nature as the primary criterion for choosing words when translating, so as to avoid translation. There are ambiguities and differences in understanding of policy connotations. Therefore, translators should keep in mind the guiding role of politics when choosing, and translators should stand at a political height when translating, pondering, analyzing, and understanding the speaker's political intentions and ideas. The political connotation of diplomatic neologisms, precise words, and accurately convey the political connotations, political positions, and political ideas behind the diplomatic word.

3.1.2 Dynamic

One of the features of the theory of "political equivalence" is its dynamic nature, i.e. a dynamic understanding of the meaning of the context; dynamic extension means that the translator has to embed the discourse of the original language and the target language into the contemporary context during the translation process. In the general context, we should consider some factors such as the speaker’s political background, era background, and national relationship with the target language country. These factors are changeable from time to time so that the translator can accurately grasp the dynamic meaning of the context; dynamic It is emphasized that the translator should have a high degree of political acumen, pay close attention to policies and times changed at any time, understand different countries in the various diplomatic situation, and ensure the dynamic nature of the translation. "Political equivalence" has "dynamics". Scholar Yang Mingxing said: Translation of foreign propaganda not only requires the translator to accurately understand the original text, but also involves the translator's choice of words and sentences in the target language category, and the implications always are close to the context and speaker and the audience’s political background. Therefore, "dynamic" requires translators to keep pace with the times, avoid sticking to the so-called "fixed formula", and carry out fixed and model translation of the text. translation. In other words, this property actually answers the question of "what to translate".

3.1.3 Balanced

Balance, one of the three characteristics of "political equivalence" theory, has the most Chinese characteristics. Balance means maintaining a balance between fidelity to the original language and acceptance of the target language. It is stressed that the translation of diplomatic neologisms should be in line with China's goal of having a "golden mean" and that the translation should try to achieve an effect of harmony, equality and balance, and avoid obvious political stance, which may cause unnecessary misunderstanding and suspicion. Balance requires the translator to deeply understand the diversity of national culture and ideology embodied in the source discourseand the target language, and to maintain a strict balance between accurate understanding of the source language and the target language whose acceptance is preferably broad. As a supplement to politics, balance is actually answering the question of "how to translate".

4.CaseStudy

As Xi Jinping's foreign policy in the new era has been continuously proposed and gradually advanced, a large number of new diplomatic words have been produced, and a large number of new policies and ideas have emerged into people's field of vision. There have been many translations of these new diplomatic words at home and abroad. The diplomatic neologisms in various diplomatic translations reflect the importance attached to China’s policies both at home and abroad, which also reflects the widespread dissemination of Chinese ideas; however, if China’s foreign policy in the new era does not have official standardized translations, These non-uniform translations may lead to deviations in other countries' understanding of Chinese diplomatic neologisms, and sometimes may even lead to misunderstandings, misunderstandings, and conflicts. At the same time, if the domestic media does not have a unified translation of the same diplomatic neologism, the various translations will cause confusion in foreign media when reporting policies, which is not conducive to the external dissemination of China's policy information and the construction of China's right to speak. Therefore, the standardized translation of diplomatic neologisms can to a certain extent solve the problem of unequal information reception caused by multiple translations, and avoid misunderstandings between countries due to poor policy communication. In addition, standardized and unified diplomatic neologisms are beneficial to the translation work of diplomatic interpreters. There are reasons and rules to follow. In the context of the development of foreign policy communication in the new era, the publication Keywords to Understand China: Foreign Affairs in the New Erahas given new impetus to the norm of new diplomatic terms. Does the translation of diplomatic neologisms in Keywords to Understand China: Foreign Affairs in the New Eraconform to the three characteristics of the political dynamic balance of the "political equivalence" theory? How does the book reflect these three characteristics?

Before using the theory of "political equivalence" to conduct a specific analysis and research on the entries in Keywords to Understand China: Foreign Affairs in the New Era, I first made statistics on the translations of the entries in the book. In the previous introduction to "political equivalence" theory, we learned that this theory of translation contains basically three characteristics: political, balanced, and dynamic. We obtained the following sub-concepts by reviewing the slogan-related literature and reviewing the texts of translations in mainstream media:

Name	The proportion
Political	100.00%
Balanced	100.00%
Dynamic	88.46%

The book contains a total of 52 entries, of which the politics and balance of the "political equivalence" theory are reflected in these 52 entries, while the "dynamic" is reflected in 46 entries. In the process of analyzing the entries, I realized that politics and balance are the characteristics of every entry, but dynamic is not necessarily possessed by every entry. I have analyzed the following three points for the reasons for the above data: (1) Because I chose Keywords to Understand China: Foreign Affairs in the New Erathis book.The content of the entries involved in this book is relatively serious, so it is very political and balanced. It is important that diplomatic entries clearly and accurately express the connotation of foreign policy, and at the same time, it is a need to make my country's foreign policy as well understood and accepted as possible by other countries. (2) This book is the result of a national key project jointly organized and implemented by the Distribution Bureau of China Foreign Languages Publishing House, the Contemporary China and the World Researcher, and the China Institute of Translation Studies. The purpose of writing and interpreting this topic is to interpret Chinese concepts and Chinese thoughts and interpret Chinese policies and China's development path in a way that is easy to read and understand by foreign audiences. Therefore, the translator fully considers politics and balance when translating the entry. (3) The reasons why the dynamicity in the entry is less than the political and balance are: First, the diplomatic concept involved in this type of entry is a concept common to the whole world, and it does not involve a unique diplomatic concept. Connotation; secondly, before the standardized translation version of some entries, the diplomatic concept involved in the entry already had a fixed translation version.

In the following, I will select typical examples of the three characteristics of the "political equivalence" theory in the book for analysis.We conduct our research based on the analysis of the following examples.

Example 1：

Source Text:共建人類命運共同體Target Text：Building a Community with a Shared Future for Humanity

From the political point of view, English translation of "人類命運共同體"，"Community of shared future for mankind" is more popular in China, and it is also rendered as: Community with shared future for mankind or Community with shared future for humanity. However, in Western media, it is often translated as: Common community of human destiny or community of common destiny for mankind. The translation selected in this book is "Building a Community with a Shared Future for Humanity".Comparing the two translations and analyzing their literal meanings, it can be found that the difference lies in the translation of the words "人類" and "命運". Based on the current complex world environment and the problems faced by the development of human society, Xi Jinping put forward a series of important expositions on the community of shared future for mankind, aiming to solve the problems of world development and lead the development of human civilization, and contributed to the "人類命運共同體" with unique Chinese characteristics "wisdom", "plan" and "responsibility". The "人類命運共同體"advocated by Xi Jinping not only depicts the correct direction of the future of human society, but also points out the bright future of world development. The cosmic sentiment of "天人合一", the Datong thought of "天下爲公", the human sentiment of "天下一家", the social concept of "和而不同", the coordination wisdom of "中和之道", and the firm concept of "協和萬邦"and so on. The word "humanity" and the word "mankind" both have the meaning “人類”, but mankind is more focused on men, so many people think that this usage expresses discrimination against women, then translators try to avoid this when translating. The occurrence of similar situations, so it is more appropriate to choose "humanity".

The definition of "Share" in the dictionary is "to be equally involved in something or responsible for something". The definition of "destiny" is "what happens to sb or what happen to them in the future, especially things that they cannot change or avoid", combining the literal meaning of "shared future" and "destiny" with the political implication of "a community with a shared future for mankind". At a glance , we can quickly to see that the choice of the word "shared future" here is closer to the policy connotation of China's "Jointly Build a Common Destiny for Humanity" initiative, Stressing that the subjective initiative of the people is fully exercised by the inhabitants of all countries of the world and that the destiny of human society must be jointly controlled by the inhabitants of all countries. Simultaneously, China's voice and initiative to the world can be more accurately conveied thought the word "shared future" , while the word "destiny" emphasizes "predetermined, unavoidable or even unchangeable meaning", which is not in line with "a community with a shared future for mankind" "political connotation. Therefore, the translation in the book is more political than the translation principle of "political equivalence".

In September 2015, Chinese President Xi Jinping delivered a major speech at the General Debate of the 70th Session of the UN General Assembly at UN Headquarters in New York: "In today's world, all countries are interdependent and share both good and bad. We must inherit and carry forward the purpose and principles of the UN Charter to build a new type of international relations, centred on mutually beneficial cooperation, and to build a community with a shared future for humanity. After seven years of development, with plenty of in-depth cooperation implementing in various industries , countries have also detailedly understood that there is a transnational interest - the concept of sharing the good and the bad, sharing responsibility and harvesting has gradually become popular among the people. The foreign policy of building a community for the common future of mankind is in line with the requirements of world development and promotes the development of the world. Therefore, the word "common future" whose meaning is more in line with the concept of development of different countries in the context of the times, such a translation can make all parties have the common sences, and from China's foreign policy aspect, it is more suitable to promote and disseminate all over the world .

From the perspective of balance, China's economy is developing rapidly, and some countries are gradually afraid of interfering with their own countries, which is a danger to their own national development, and gradually came up with the "China threat theory". Therefore, in order to avoid misunderstanding of China's foreign policy by other countries, translators will choose more neutral words when translating, words that can reflect the sincerity, seriousness and modesty and prudence of China's "modern mean", so as to reduce the subconsciousness of readers from other countries as much as possible. of tension. The word "shared future" shows that China has full sincerity, and is willing to develop harmoniously with the cultures of other countries, understand each other, promote the cooperation of all countries in the world, and promote the development of human society. The translation of new diplomatic terms here will help dispel other countries' doubts about whether China will get interests over a short period of time to win over other some countries, whether those is causing a tendency which has a technical term called "cluster monopoly", etc. It will help popularize China's optimistic thought of a great power and promote more countries Learn about the "Community with a Shared Future for Mankind" and build a community with a shared future for mankind together.

Example 2：

Source Text：推進“一帶一路”建設

Target Text：The Belt and the Road Initiative

From the political point of view, the verb used in the translation of "推進‘一帶一路’建設" is the word "initiative", instead of using words such as "strategy", "project", "program", and "agenda". "The Belt and Road" is the abbreviation of "絲綢之路經濟帶" and "21世紀海上絲綢之路". The Belt and Road Initiative, proposed by Chinese President Xi Jinping during his visit to Central Asia in September 2013 and to Southeast Asia in October 2013, is in line with the trends of global multipolarisation, economic globalisation, cultural diversification and social informalisation. While achieving economic policy coordination, countries along the route will promote wider, higher-level, and deeper-level regional cooperation, and countries around the world will work together to build an open, inclusive, balanced, and universally beneficial regional economic cooperation structure. The main idea of the Belt and Road Initiative is to follow the principles of broad consultation, co-building and sharing, and to foster the building and interconnection of regional economic cooperation. The core meaning of the Belt and Road Initiative's co-financing is to follow the principles of broad consultation, co-financing and sharing, to promote infrastructure building and connectivity, to fortify economic policy coordination and harmonisation of development strategies, to promote coordinated and coherent development, and to achieve shared prosperity and co-financing. A community with a shared future for humanity. The Belt and Road countries will promote political interaction, connectivity of facilities, seamless trade, financial integration and people-to-people contacts, while building together political mutual trust, economic integration, a community of interest, a community of responsibility and a community of destiny that is culturally inclusive, in line with the principle of "consult together, build together and share together". However, “project” and “program are more focused on expressing that projects between enterprises cannot express the grandeur of the “Belt and Road” policy, and the agenda and work items expressed by agenda cannot reflect the seriousness and formality of the “Belt and Road” policy.” strategy” is aggressive and may easily cause foreign readers to misunderstand the “Belt and Road” policy.

From the dynamic point of view, the translation template of China's "一帶一路" foreign publicity adopted a literal translation strategy at first. , "the Belt and Road (abbreviated as B&R)" this translation rule is more and more favored by the media and scholars. In September 2015, my country's National Development and Reform Commission, together with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Commerce and other departments, jointly issued the official norms for the English translation of the"一帶一路": The full English name of "絲綢之路經濟帶 and 21世紀海上絲綢之路" is translated as "the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road", and the shortened form of "一帶一路" is translated as "the Belt and Road", and the abbreviation is "B&R". At first, the method of literal translation was used to translate the "一帶一路". Thetranslation "One Belt, One Road" (abbreviated as OBOR) has the characteristics of neat confrontation, which is conducive to people's readability. The revised version of the translation strengthens the publicity of this foreign policy initiative and accelerates the deepening of Western society's understanding of it. It is in line with the requirements of the times and also beneficial for the country to spread and disseminate among various countries. Due to the great significance of the "Belt and Road" initiative, and at the beginning of its proposal, this foreign policy was relatively unfamiliar to the Western world. More and more countries and international organizations begin to know this diplomatic policy, want to show their support through joining the "Belt and Road" initiative and China's joint construction of the "Belt and Road" economic circle. At this time, the purpose of foreign propaganda has changed. China is no longer just presenting this foreign policy to the world, but wants to prove to the world that, as the largest developing country, it is following global development’s tendency, and at the same time, China It is also actively taking responsibilities and obligations, and is willing to discuss and build a community of interests with other relevant countries. Therefore, the translation of "One Belt, One Road" is no longer in line with the current international context and domestic policy trends. However, this translated version of "Belt and Road Initiative" is more contemporary, so it was finally determined as the official version supersedes the original translated version.

As a strong war color, while "initiative" is more neutral. The use of the latter not only conveys the connotation of the policy in a correct way, but also shows China's political position , to prevent misunderstandings and misunderstandings, and achieve balanced translation requirements. The translation of the new diplomatic term "Belt and Road" in this version not only meets the requirements of the accuracy and seriousness of diplomatic terms, but also takes into account the background of the current era and the international situation. Therefore, it better satisfies the reading experience of foreign readers, and has a better reading experience. strong acceptability.

When researching whether the entries in the book Keywords to Understand China: Foreign Affairs in the New Eraconform to the theoretical characteristics of "political equivalence", I have noticed the translation methods that translators choose when translating the entries. The book contains a total of 52 entries about Xi Jinping's diplomatic philosophy in the new era, of which 37 entries were translated directly by the translators, and the remaining 15 entries were translated by free translation.(The criterion for determining whether a translator uses the literal translation method is strict one-to-one literal translation.)

Literal translation is a translation method often used by translators. The translation and the original text convey the same meaning, so that the recipient of the translation can directly and accurately receive and understand the meaning of the translation. For example, the sentence "吃水不忘挖井人"can be literally translated as "Never forget the well-diggers while drinking the water". Because, the corresponding translation of "井" in this sentence is "well", which means "a deep hole dug down from the ground that can draw water", and "水" and "井" have equivalent meanings in the source text. The saying has a strong political color, reflecting the excellent quality of the Communist Party of China for the sake of the people and for the people.Another example: "中阿合作論壇" is directly translated into "China-Arab States cooperation Forum". A translation is a literal one-to-one translation of the source text that conveys the meaning of foreign policy directly and clearly and gives the reader a direct understanding of foreign policy. However, the literal translation method is not suitable for all source texts, as the translator translates the source text word for word, it will lead to inaccurate transmission of the text meaning or even ambiguity. Therefore, in order to ensure that the translator can convey more accurately and seriously For foreign policy implications, translators will choose another commonly used translation method—free translation.For example: “真 實 親 誠” 理念, the English translation is The Principle of sincerity, Real Results, Affinity, and Good Faith. I think the translator used the method of meaning when translating this diplomatic concept. Make explanations that help us understand the translator's translation choices. This concept was put forward in March 2013, when Xi Jinping delivered a speech in Dar es Salaam, he comprehensively expounded on China-Africa relations and China's policy proposition towards Africa. First, treat African friends with the word "真" and have always regarded the development of solidarity and cooperation with African countries as an important foundation of China's foreign policy. Second, the development of cooperation with Africa should be "實". As long as it is a commitment made by the Chinese side, it will be fully implemented. Third, strengthen China-Africa friendship and say a word "親". As the Chinese and African peoples are naturally close, both countries should pay more attention to China-Africa exchanges of peoples and cultures and actively promote youth exchanges and make the cause of China-Africa friendship succeed. Fourth, to solve the problems in cooperation, with the word "誠", the Chinese side can honestly face up to the new situation and new problems facing Sino-African relations and address them appropriately in a spirit of mutual respect and win-win cooperation. The principle of sincerity, genuine results, belonging and good faith has today become an important concept not only for Africa, but also for China and all developing countries, in order to strengthen solidarity and cooperation.This diplomatic concept is composed of a single character in Chinese characters. Different people have different interpretations of the words “真 實 親 誠”. It is like a hundred Hamlets in the eyes of a hundred people. Therefore, the translator did not use the method of literal translation and word-for-word translation, but chose the method of free translation to combine the connotation of the diplomatic concept with the translation, which made it more convenient for foreign friends to understand China's diplomatic concept and make it clearer the meaning of the words “真 實 親 誠”.

5. Conclusion

5.1 Major Findings of the Study

During the period when research scholar Yang Mingxing proposed the theory of "political equivalence", he read a lot of literature and consulted some official documents on the website of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. It was found that, on the basis of the theory of 'political equivalence', translators often use three main methods to translate Chinese foreign policy in the new Xi Jinping era, namely: literal translation, free translation and subtractive translation. Literal translation method is one of the main methods used by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in foreign policy translation. The translator may use the literal translation method to reflect the policy as accurately as possible and to preserve its original style, structure and rhetoric. Directly convey the political connotation and diplomatic stance equivalent to the source language readers to the target language readers. Secondly, the free translation methodis also an important method adopted by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to translate Chinese foreign policy into English in the new era of Xi Jinping. Because, in foreign policy, there are some foreign policies that cannot be translated literally, or there is a conventional translation method in the target language. To avoid misunderstandings and unintelligible language, translators choose a free translation strategy, which not only makes foreign policy more difficult in the original language. The connotation has been accurately conveyed, expressing the sovereignty and political position held by the Chinese government, and the translation of foreign policy fits in to international conventions and the norms of diplomatic terminology. As diplomatic neologisms often appear in political texts, and the texts often use rhetoric such as duality and parallelism, or language structures such as four-character lattices, diplomatic neologisms have the characteristics of sonorous force and majesty, which not only reflect the call of our country's language It also conveys my country's firm confidence in implementing foreign policy.In today's rapid advancement of globalization and networking, an authoritative, systematic, fast and open online diplomatic terminology database should be established as soon as possible to serve the country's diplomatic work and translation under the new situation, and to better show China to the world, Telling the story of China will make the diplomacy in the new era continue to improve and develop.

5.2 Limitation of the Study

The academic circle has always questioned the theory of "political equivalence". At the same time, because this translation theory was proposed by Yang Mingxing scholars based on Nida's "dynamic equivalence" theory, and Nida's "dynamic equivalence" theory scholars have also been skeptical. There is an objection to this. Therefore, a critical attitude should be held when studying the theory of "political equivalence", but the author did not reflect or discuss the defects of the theory itself during the research. Secondly, during the study of the translation of diplomatic neologisms, it is found that the theory of "political equivalence" sometimes cannot achieve the transmission effect of "political equivalence". Because there have always been differences in culture, history, politics and social systems between China and Western countries, these differences have a certain impact on people's reception and understanding of foreign information. Therefore, when Chinese translators translate diplomatic words Even if we do our best to convey the connotation of China's political discourse faithfully and accurately, there are still situations in which the corresponding discourse power in the West cannot be "equivalent". The theoretical framework of "political equivalence" still needs to be continuously improved and developed in practice.

5.3 Suggestion on Further Study

Diplomatic neologisms and diplomatic expressions have always been highly culturally loaded words, carrying too much political sensitivity and national characteristics. They are the concentrated expression of a country's foreign policy and concept of governance. Translations are held in high regard. The theory of "political equivalence" proposed by scholar Yang Mingxing cannot achieve the expression effect of "political equivalence" due to the influence of objective factors. At the same time, there is relatively little research on the theoretical framework of the "political equivalence" theory, and it is hoped that this theoretical framework can receive more attention and research.

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作者：王佳丽 澳门大学人文学院英汉翻译专业硕士研究生

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